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Review for Bio 131 Anatomy & Physiology Exam Mrs. Kelly

This list of questions is not meant to be exhaustive. You are responsible for all material covered in lecture, in the assigned readings in the textbook and the videos and films.

Human Organization

1. Know the principle types of tissues and their functions and locations. In the table at the end of this document, write the functions and locations of the tissues listed.
2. What is the definition of a tissue?
3. What are cell junctions?
4. What does an exocrine gland do?
5. What does an endocrine gland do?
6. How are exocrine and endocrine glands different from one another?
7. What are the differences between the three types of muscle cells?
8. What do all connective tissues have in common?
9. What are the major cavities in the human body?
10. What are the six serous membranes and where are they found?
11. What are the two major methods that cells use to communicate with one another?
12. What is homeostasis?
13. Why is homeostasis important?
14. Arrange the terms -tissue, organ, cell, organ system, organism- in terms of their level or organization.

Endocrine System

1. What is a hormone?
2. Why are hormones important to the regulation of the body?
3. What are the names of the major endocrine glands and where are they located in the body?
4. Why is the pituitary called the master gland?
5. What is a negative feedback loop?
6. How is a positive feedback loop different from a negative feedback loop?

Circulatory System

1. What are the functions of the circulatory system?
2. What are the differences between arteries, capillaries and veins?
3. Why does exchange of gases, nutrients and other materials take place in the capillaries?
4. Why do veins have valves?
5. What does the blue color indicate in the diagrams in the textbook and on the models in lab?
6. What does the red color indicate in the diagrams in the textbook and on the models in lab?
7. What arteries carry blood low in oxygen?
8. What veins carry blood high in oxygen?
9. Trace the path of blood from the right atrium to the lungs and back to the left atrium. Name all the chambers of the heart and the arteries and veins that the blood passes through.
10. Trace the path of blood from the left ventricle to the body and back to the right ventricle.
11. Why does the heart have vales?
12. What causes the heartbeat?
13. Why do the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node fire at different times?
14. What is the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?
15. What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
16. What is carried in lymph fluid?
17. What are the functions of the lymph nodes?
18. What is the major component of blood?
19. What is carried in blood plasma?
20. What is the function of albumin in the bloodstream? globulin? fibrinogen?
21. Which of the formed elements are cells and which are not?
22. Why do red blood cells lack a nucleus while white blood cells have one?
23. What is the function of the platelets?
24. How is the function of the red blood cells different from that of white blood cells?

Respiratory System

1. Trace the path of an oxygen molecule from a person's nose to the red blood cell in the lung.
2. How is oxygen transported to the cells?
3. Why is carbon dioxide produced in the cells of the body?
4. What is the primary means of transporting carbon dioxide in the bloodstream?
5. What other ways is carbon dioxide transported?
6. What are the functions of hemoglobin?
7. What are the functions of the nasal cavities?
8. What is the difference between the pharynx and the larynx?
9. What is the difference between the bronchioles and the bronchi?
10. Explain how oxygen moves from the air in the alveoli into a red blood cell.
11. What is the difference between positive pressure breathing and negative pressure breathing?
12. How does the brain control breathing?
13. What is the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura?
14. What is the function of the diaphragm?

Digestive System

1. Trace the path of food through the digestive system. 
2. What enzyme is added to food in the mouth?
3. Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx.
4. What are the functions of the stomach?
5. What is the function of the sphincter muscles in the stomach?
6. What is the function of the parietal cells? the chief cells? the mucus cells?
7. Why is pepsin secreted as pepsinogen?
8. How is pepsinogen converted to pepsin?
9. What is the function of pepsin?
10. What are the three parts of the small intestine?
11. What is the function of the small intestine?
12. What enzymes do the glands of the duodenum produce?
13. In which part of the small intestine does chemical digestion take place?
14. What pancreatic secretions enter the small intestine to aid in digestion?
15. What are the two major functions of the pancreas?
16. What are the functions of the liver?
17. What does the liver make bile from?
18. Where is the bile stored?
19. What is the function of bile?
20. How is the function of lipases different from the function of bile?
21. When fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed in the small intestine, do they enter the bloodstream immediately, like glucose does?
22. What is the function of the villi? the microvilli?
23. What are the end products of the digestion of starches? of proteins? of fats?
24. What is the difference between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion?
25. What structures or mechanisms ensure that the stomach and small intestine do not digest themselves?
26. How is surface area maximized in the stomach and in the small intestine?
27. Why is it necessary for a digestive system to have extensive surface area?
28. What is the general function of the large intestine?
29. Name the four parts of the large intestine.
30. What is the difference between elimination and excretion?
31. What are the parietal and visceral peritoneum?
32. What is the mesentery?

Urinary  System

1. What are the functions of the kidney?
2. What are nitrogenous wastes?
3. Trace the path of urine from the kidney to the urogenital opening.
4. How are the ureters different from the urethra?
5. What is the function the nephron?
6. Draw a nephron and label the parts.
7. What is the glomerulus?
8. What materials are present in the glomerular filtrate?
9. What is the function of Bowman's capsule?
10. Explain the function of the loop of Henle.
11. Explain selective reabsorption in the renal tubule.
12. Explain tubular excretion.
13. How is urine concentrated?

Reproductive System

1. Trace the path of sperm from the teste to the urogenital opening.
2. How is semen different from sperm?
3. What three glands add secretions to the semen?
4. What is the function of the epididymis?
5. Why are the testes located outside of the abdominal cavity?
6. What is the function of the seminal vesicles, prostrate and bulb urethral glands?
7. Where does meiosis take place in the male? in the female?
8. What are the sex hormones found in a man? in a woman?
9. Trace the path of the egg in the female reproductive tract.
10. Where in the female reproductive tract is the egg fertilized?
11. What are the three phases of the menstural cycle?
12. What important events happen in each phase?
13. What are the four major types of birth control?
14. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each type?
    

Human Tissues Types - Biology 131

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